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- Is the Unites States Political System a Legitimate Democracy?
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-
- In any system which claims to be democratic, a question of its
- legitimacy remains. A truly democratic political system has certain
- characteristics which prove its legitimacy with their existence. One
- essential characteristic of a legitimate democracy is that it allows
- people to freely make choices without government intervention. Another
- necessary characteristic which legitimates government is that every vote
- must count equally: one vote for every person. For this equality to
- occur, all people must be subject to the same laws, have equal civil
- rights, and be allowed to freely express their ideas. Minority rights
- are also crucial in a legitimate democracy. No matter how unpopular
- their views, all people should enjoy the freedoms of speech, press and
- assembly. Public policy should be made publicly, not secretly, and
- regularly scheduled elections should be held. Since "legitimacy" may be
- defined as "the feeling or opinion the people have that government is
- based upon morally defensible principles and that they should therefore
- obey it," then there must necessarily be a connection between what the
- people want and what the government is doing if legitimacy is to occur.
- The U.S. government may be considered legitimate in some aspects, and
- illegitimate in others. Because voting is class-biased, it may not be
- classified as a completely legitimate process. Although in theory the
- American system calls for one vote per person, the low rate of turnout
- results in the upper and middle classes ultimately choosing candidates
- for the entire nation. Class is determined by income and education, and
- differing levels of these two factors can help explain why class bias
- occurs. For example, because educated people tend to understand
- politics more, they are more likely to vote. People with high income
- and education also have more resources, and poor people tend to have low
- political efficacy (feelings of low self-worth). Turnout, therefore, is
- low and, since the early 1960s, has been declining overall.
- The "winner-take-all" system in elections may be criticized for being
- undemocratic because the proportion of people agreeing with a particular
- candidate on a certain issue may not be adequately represented under
- this system. For example, "a candidate who gets 40 percent of the vote,
- as long as he gets more votes than any other candidate, can be
- electedùeven though sixty percent of the voters voted against him"(Lind,
- 314).
- Political parties in America are weak due to the anti-party,
- anti-organization, and anti-politics cultural prejudices of the
- Classical Liberals. Because in the U.S. there is no national discipline
- to force citizens into identifying with a political party, partisan
- identification tends to be an informal psychological commitment to a
- party. This informality allows people to be apathetic if they wish,
- willingly giving up their input into the political process. Though this
- apathy is the result of greater freedom in America than in other
- countries, it ultimately decreases citizensÆ incentive to express their
- opinions about issues, therefore making democracy less legitimate.
- Private interests distort public policy making because, when making
- decisions, politicians must take account of campaign contributors. An
- "interest" may be defined as "any involvement in anything that affects
- the economic, social, or emotional well-being of a person." When
- interests become organized into groups, then politicians may become
- biased due to their influences. "Special interests buy favors from
- congressmen and presidents through political action committees (PACs),
- devices by which groups like corporations, professional associations,
- trade unions, investment banking groupsùcan pool their money and give up
- to $10,000 per election to each House and Senate candidate"(Lind, 157).
- Consequently, those people who do not become organized into interest
- groups are likely to be underrepresented financially. This leads to
- further inequality and, therefore, greater illegitimacy in the
- democratic system.
- The method in which we elect the President is fairly legitimate. The
- electoral college consists of representatives who we elect, who then
- elect the President. Because this fills the requirement of regularly
- scheduled elections, it is a legitimate process. The President is
- extremely powerful in foreign policy making; so powerful that scholars
- now speak of the "Imperial Presidency," implying that the President runs
- foreign policy as an emperor. The President is the chief diplomat,
- negotiator of treaties, and commander-in-chief of the armed forces.
- There has been a steady growth of the PresidentÆs power since World War
- II. This abundance of foreign Presidential power may cause one to
- believe that our democratic system is not legitimate. However,
- Presidential power in domestic affairs is limited. Therefore, though
- the President is very powerful in certain areas, the term "Imperial
- Presidency" is not applicable in all areas.
- The election process of Congress is legitimate because Senators and
- Representatives are elected directly by the people. Power in Congress
- is usually determined by the seniority system. In the majority party
- (the party which controls Congress), the person who has served the
- longest has the most power. The problem with the seniority system is
- that power is not based on elections or on who is most qualified to be
- in a position of authority. Congress is also paradoxical because, while
- it is good at serving particular individual interests, it is bad at
- serving the general interest (due to its fragmented structure of
- committees and sub-committees).
- The manner in which Supreme Court Justices are elected is not
- democratic because they are appointed by the President for lifelong
- terms, rather than in regularly scheduled elections. There is a
- "non-political myth" that the only thing that Judges do is apply rules
- neutrally. In actuality, they interpret laws and the Constitution using
- their power of judicial review, the power explicitly given to them in
- Marbury v. Madison.
- Though it has been termed the "imperial judiciary" by some, the courts
- are the weakest branch of government because they depend upon the
- compliance of the other branches for enforcement of the laws.
- The bureaucracy is not democratic for many reasons. The key features
- of a bureaucracy are that they are large, specialized, run by official
- and fixed rules, relatively free from outside control, run on a
- hierarchy, and they must keep written records of everything they do.
- Bureaucracies focus on rules, but their members are unhappy when the
- rules are exposed to the public. Bureaucracies violate the requirement
- of a legitimate democracy that public policy must be made publicly, not
- secretly. To be hired in a bureaucracy, a person must take a civil
- service exam. People working in bureaucracies may also only be fired
- under extreme circumstances. This usually leads to the "Peter
- Principle;" that people who are competent at their jobs are promoted
- until they are in jobs in which they are no longer competent.
- Policy making may be considered democratic to an extent. The public
- tends to get its way about 60% of the time. Because one of the key
- legitimating factors of government is a connection between what it does
- and what the public wants, policy making can be considered 60%
- legitimate. Furthermore, most of what the federal government does never
- reaches the public. Public opinion polls represent the small percentage
- of issues that people have heard about.
- Though the individual workings of the American government may not be
- particularly democratic, it must be somewhat legitimate overall because
- without legitimacy, government fails. However, "the people who run for
- and win public office are not necessarily the most intelligent, best
- informed, wealthiest, or most successful business or professional
- people. At all levels of the political system,àit is the most
- politically ambitious people who are willing to sacrifice time, family
- and private life, and energy and effort for the power and celebrity that
- comes with public office"(Dye, 58-59). The legitimacy of the United
- States government is limited, but in a system of government which was
- designed not to work, complete democracy is most likely impossible.
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- Bibliography
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-
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- Dye, Thomas R. WhoÆs Running America? The Clinton Years. Englewood
- Cliffs, New
- Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1995.
-
- Lind, Michael. The Next American Nation: The New Nationalism and the
- Fourth
- American Revolution. New York: The Free Press, 1995.